Prameny k dějinám Židů v Čechách a na Moravě ve středověku on the occasion of king’s entry or his coronation, standing in the last place, but already along with Christians and, on these occasion, under their own banners (cf. Nr. 97, 98).49 Some researchers believe that Jewish legislation in the Czech lands was among the most humane and liberal in Europe, although the position of Jews deteriorated over the second half of the 14th century (especially of those who were becoming subjects of noble or ecclesiastic lords). This conclusion is usually derived from the large number of locali- ties in which Jewish settlements have been confirmed, as well as the fact that before 1347 we know of no expulsion of the Jews from here.5 However, seen through the prism of preserved documents, it seems that the situation in Bohemia and Moravia was not very different from the surrounding lands. This is indicated by the quick reception of the basic legal protection, the so-called Fridericiana, in virtually all the major Central European lands (Hungary, the Czech lands, Poland, Silesia, Lithuania), as well as their enduring vitality, as manifested by constant new confirmations of these privileges by the acceding sovereigns (in the Czech lands until and including the Jagiellonian era). We naturally also encounter modifications of the contents of the privileges, their refinements or extensions. Jewish Administration In the period up to 1347, the majority of Jews were servants of the royal chamber. As servi camerae nostrae or servi camerae regis, they are also commonly confirmed in other European lands." In the given period, the only exceptions in the Bohemian milieu were those Jews who were subject to important aristocratic families or ecclesiastical institu- tions. Through a privilege from 1334, John of Luxembourg allowed Petr of Rožmberk (Rosenberg) to hire another four Jews for his manor (Nr. 150). The document explicitly states that Petr’s ancestors had held Jews since antiquity (ab antiquo). The lords of Hradec had also owned Jews on their manorial lands from at least the 1290s. This is confirmed in the testament of Oldřich of Hradec from 1294, which states that the lords of Hradec have the right from the king to settle eight Jews in Jindřichův Hradec, and to replace those who died. A supplement is attached stating that only these Jews can engage in usury in the town (Nr. 76). The sovereign jealously guarded his Jewish exclusive royal property and only allowed the settlement of Jews on aristocratic manors in exceptional cases. Some permits were limited in time, as in the case of Jan II of Michalovice. According to pre- 49) HOFFMANN 2009, p. 391. 50) ČELAKOVSKY 1898, pp. 4, 10, 13; TISCHLER 1983, pp. 38-39, 55-56. 51) PLANITZ 1973, 277. LII