176 on to the Breton conteurs, who disseminated them orally on the Continent, so that by 1100 we find them filtering into Northern Italy. Ibid., pp. 22— 31; MP, XXXIII (1936), 225-38. The Bretons also brought their tales back to Britain and localized them in Wales, England, and Scotland. RR, XXXII (1941), 7-14. ZFSL, XIII (1891), 87-91. Geoffrey of Mon- mouth, taking advantage of the vogue of these tales, added enormously to the prestige of Arthur among the learned classes by his fabrication, the Historia regum Britanniae (c. 1136), but had no great influence on the romancers, who derived most of their material from the conteurs. By 1179, as Alanus de Insulis testified, the fame of Arthur had reached the bounds of Christen- dom. By the same date probably Chrétien de Troyes had written his five Arthurian poems and thus begun the great elaboration of the Matter of Britain in literary form. Loomis, pp. 3f., 12�24, 198�201. For a different in- terpretation of the phenomena, of. J. S. P. Tatlock, The Legendary History of Britain (Berkeley, 1950). [L] 59. Karidol, Arthur's capital here and in ll. 1322, 2730, 4973, is the Ger- man form corresponding to Anglo-Norman and French Carducl or Cardoil. It is Carlisle. Cf. notes in W. Hertz' Spielmannsbuch (Stuttgart, 1900), p. 372, and Hilka's Percevalroman (Halle, 1932), p. 621. [W] Zimmer argued that Chrétien's reference to “Carduel en Gales" (Yvain, l. 7) implied that the word Gales (Wales) included the old British territory of Cumbria and Strathclyde. Foerster, Brugger, and others have agreed with Zimmer on this point. But no evidence has been produced to show that this region was called Wales by anyone except Chrétien and those who followed him, romancers who knew nothing about the matter. Presumably Chrétien (or the author of his source) made the natural mistake of assuming that any name beginning with Car- would be (as Carlion, Caruent, and Caradigan actually were) in Wales. The d of Carduel may be due to the influence of the Breton place name Kerduel, near Lannion. Cf. F. J. Snell, King Arthur's Country (London, New York, 1926), p. 242. At any rate, as Zimmer showed (ZFSL, XIII [1891], 91), and as Marie de France's Breton lai of Lanval (1. 5) indicates also, it was the Breton entertainers who were responsible for fa- miliarizing the world with Carlisle as one of Arthur's capitals, though pos- sibly they may have caught up some local tradition of dubious authority. Though the Welsh took over into the Arthurian cycle several historical persons from Northern England or Scotland (e.g. Trystan, Owain son of Urien, Peredur), they seem never to have associated Arthur with the North, except that Nennius placed one of Arthur's victories in the wood of Celidon. Cf. K. Jackson in MP, XLIII (1945), 48f. [L] 60. The adventure at Limors is a second disguised Otherworld adventure.